Trigger finger, also known as stenosing tenosynovitis, is a common condition that causes one or more fingers to become stuck in a bent position [Currie et al, 2022; Ryzewicz & Wolf, 2006]. The affected finger may suddenly straighten with a snapping motion, similar to pulling and releasing a trigger—hence the name. This condition can be painful and limit hand function, making everyday activities like gripping objects or typing difficult.

Understanding what causes trigger finger and how to prevent it is crucial for maintaining hand health and mobility. This blog explores the condition's causes, symptoms, risk factors, and evidence-based prevention strategies.

What Causes Trigger Finger?

Trigger finger occurs when inflammation narrows the sheath surrounding the flexor tendons, which control finger movement. This inflammation creates friction, making it difficult for the tendons to glide smoothly. In severe cases, nodules (small lumps) can form on the tendon, further restricting movement.

Who Is at Risk?

Several factors increase the risk of developing trigger finger:

• Repetitive Hand Use: Jobs or hobbies that require frequent gripping, such as gardening, playing musical instruments, or using tools, increase strain on the tendon [Kapellusch et al, 2014; Shen et al, 2019].
• Medical Conditions: Diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout are associated with higher rates of trigger finger due to chronic inflammation [Guggenheim et al, 2024; Rydberg et al, 2022].
• Age and Gender: The condition is more common in individuals over 40, and studies suggest it occurs more frequently in women than in men [Guggenheim et al, 2024; Kapellusch et al, 2014; Shen et al, 2019].
• Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Surgery: Some research suggests that individuals who have undergone carpal tunnel release surgery may develop trigger finger as a postoperative complication [Guggenheim et al, 2024; Kapellusch et al, 2014].

Symptoms of Trigger Finger

Symptoms often develop gradually and may include:

• Finger Stiffness: Especially noticeable in the morning or after periods of inactivity.
• Pain or Tenderness: Typically at the base of the affected finger or thumb.
• Clicking or Popping Sensation: When bending or straightening the finger.
• Finger Locking: In severe cases, the finger may become stuck in a bent position and require manual straightening.

How to Prevent Trigger Finger

While not all cases can be prevented, certain measures can reduce the risk of developing trigger finger:

1. Modify Hand Movements [Currie et al, 2022; Giugale & Folwer, 2015]

• Avoid excessive gripping or forceful repetitive hand motions.
• Use ergonomic tools and padded handles to reduce strain.

2. Stretching and Strengthening Exercises [Currie et al, 2022; Giugale & Folwer, 2015]

Regular hand and finger exercises can improve flexibility and prevent stiffness:

• Finger Extensions: Place a rubber band around your fingers and gently spread them apart.
• Tendon Glides: Slowly move your fingers through different positions to maintain tendon mobility.

3. Take Breaks [Currie et al, 2022; Giugale & Folwer, 2015]

• If your work involves repetitive hand use, take frequent breaks to rest your hands.
• Alternate tasks to reduce prolonged stress on the fingers.

4. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle [Guggenheim et al, 2024]

• Manage Diabetes and Arthritis: Controlling blood sugar and inflammation can reduce the likelihood of developing trigger finger.
• Stay Hydrated: Proper hydration keeps tendons lubricated and flexible.

5. Use Splints If Necessary [Currie et al, 2022; Giugale & Folwer, 2015]

• Wearing a splint at night can help keep the affected finger in a neutral position, reducing strain on the tendon.

Treatment Options

If trigger finger develops despite preventive efforts, treatment options range from conservative approaches to medical interventions:

• Rest and Anti-Inflammatory Medications: NSAIDs like ibuprofen can reduce pain and swelling.
• Steroid Injections: Corticosteroid injections may reduce inflammation and improve mobility [Shen et al, 2019; Gil et al, 2020; Sato et al, 2012; Atthakomol et al, 2023].
• Physical Therapy: A therapist can provide specialized exercises and manual therapy to improve function.
• Surgery: In severe cases, a trigger finger release procedure may be necessary to widen the tendon sheath and restore normal movement [Shen et al, 2019; Gil et al, 2020; Wang et al, 2013].

Conclusion

Trigger finger can be a painful and limiting condition, but with proper prevention strategies, you can reduce your risk. Practicing hand-friendly habits, stretching, and maintaining overall health can keep your fingers functioning optimally. If you experience symptoms, early intervention is key to avoiding long-term complications.

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References

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2. Currie KB, Tadisina KK, Mackinnon SE. Common Hand Conditions: A Review. JAMA. 2022 Jun 28;327(24):2434-2445.
3. Gil JA, Hresko AM, Weiss AC. Current Concepts in the Management of Trigger Finger in Adults. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2020 Aug 1;28(15):e642-e650.
   
4. Giugale JM, Fowler JR. Trigger Finger: Adult and Pediatric Treatment Strategies. Orthop Clin North Am. 2015 Oct;46(4):561-9.
   
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6. Kapellusch JM, Garg A, Hegmann KT, Thiese MS, Malloy EJ. The Strain Index and ACGIH TLV for HAL: risk of trigger digit in the WISTAH prospective cohort. Hum Factors. 2014 Feb;56(1):98-111.
   
7. Rydberg M, Zimmerman M, Gottsäter A, Eeg-Olofsson K, Dahlin LB. High HbA1c Levels Are Associated With Development of Trigger Finger in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: An Observational Register-Based Study From Sweden. Diabetes Care. 2022 Nov 1;45(11):2669-2674.
   
8. Ryzewicz M, Wolf JM. Trigger digits: principles, management, and complications. J Hand Surg Am. 2006 Jan;31(1):135-46.
   
9. Sato ES, Gomes Dos Santos JB, Belloti JC, Albertoni WM, Faloppa F. Treatment of trigger finger: randomized clinical trial comparing the methods of corticosteroid injection, percutaneous release and open surgery. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012 Jan;51(1):93-9.
   
10. Shen PC, Chang PC, Jou IM, Chen CH, Lee FH, Hsieh JL. Hand tendinopathy risk factors in Taiwan: A population-based cohort study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019 Jan;98(1):e13795.
11. Wang J, Zhao JG, Liang CC. Percutaneous release, open surgery, or corticosteroid injection, which is the best treatment method for trigger digits? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013 Jun;471(6):1879-86.